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ar.1p (20777B)


  1. '\" et
  2. .TH AR "1P" 2017 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
  3. .\"
  4. .SH PROLOG
  5. This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.
  6. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult
  7. the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
  8. or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
  9. .\"
  10. .SH NAME
  11. ar
  12. \(em create and maintain library archives
  13. .SH SYNOPSIS
  14. .LP
  15. .nf
  16. ar -d \fB[\fR-v\fB] \fIarchive file\fR...
  17. .P
  18. ar -m \fB[\fR-v\fB] \fIarchive file\fR...
  19. ar -m -a \fB[\fR-v\fB] \fIposname archive file\fR...
  20. ar -m -b \fB[\fR-v\fB] \fIposname archive file\fR...
  21. ar -m -i \fB[\fR-v\fB] \fIposname archive file\fR...
  22. .P
  23. ar -p \fB[\fR-v\fB] [\fR-s\fB] \fIarchive\fB [\fIfile\fR...\fB]\fR
  24. .P
  25. ar -q \fB[\fR-cv\fB] \fIarchive file\fR...
  26. .P
  27. ar -r \fB[\fR-cuv\fB] \fIarchive file\fR...
  28. .P
  29. ar -r -a \fB[\fR-cuv\fB] \fIposname archive file\fR...
  30. ar -r -b \fB[\fR-cuv\fB] \fIposname archive file\fR...
  31. ar -r -i \fB[\fR-cuv\fB] \fIposname archive file\fR...
  32. .P
  33. ar -t \fB[\fR-v\fB] [\fR-s\fB] \fIarchive \fB[\fIfile\fR...\fB]\fR
  34. .P
  35. ar -x \fB[\fR-v\fB] [\fR-sCT\fB] \fIarchive \fB[\fIfile\fR...\fB]\fR
  36. .fi
  37. .SH DESCRIPTION
  38. .P
  39. The
  40. .IR ar
  41. utility is part of the Software Development Utilities option.
  42. .P
  43. The
  44. .IR ar
  45. utility can be used to create and maintain groups of files combined
  46. into an archive. Once an archive has been created, new files can be
  47. added, and existing files in an archive can be extracted, deleted, or
  48. replaced. When an archive consists entirely of valid object files, the
  49. implementation shall format the archive so that it is usable as a
  50. library for link editing (see
  51. .IR c99
  52. and
  53. .IR fort77 ).
  54. When some of the archived files are not valid object files, the
  55. suitability of the archive for library use is undefined.
  56. If an archive consists entirely of printable files, the entire
  57. archive shall be printable.
  58. .P
  59. When
  60. .IR ar
  61. creates an archive, it creates administrative information indicating
  62. whether a symbol table is present in the archive. When there is at
  63. least one object file that
  64. .IR ar
  65. recognizes as such in the archive, an archive symbol table shall be
  66. created in the archive and maintained by
  67. .IR ar ;
  68. it is used by the link editor to search the archive. Whenever the
  69. .IR ar
  70. utility is used to create or update the contents of such an archive,
  71. the symbol table shall be rebuilt. The
  72. .BR \-s
  73. option shall force the symbol table to be rebuilt.
  74. .P
  75. All
  76. .IR file
  77. operands can be pathnames. However, files within archives shall be
  78. named by a filename, which is the last component of the pathname used
  79. when the file was entered into the archive. The comparison of
  80. .IR file
  81. operands to the names of files in archives shall be performed by
  82. comparing the last component of the operand to the name of the file
  83. in the archive.
  84. .P
  85. It is unspecified whether multiple files in the archive may be
  86. identically named. In the case of such files, however, each
  87. .IR file
  88. and
  89. .IR posname
  90. operand shall match only the first file in the archive having a name
  91. that is the same as the last component of the operand.
  92. .SH OPTIONS
  93. The
  94. .IR ar
  95. utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017,
  96. .IR "Section 12.2" ", " "Utility Syntax Guidelines",
  97. except for Guideline 9.
  98. .P
  99. The following options shall be supported:
  100. .IP "\fB\-a\fP" 10
  101. Position new files in the archive after the file named by the
  102. .IR posname
  103. operand.
  104. .IP "\fB\-b\fP" 10
  105. Position new files in the archive before the file named by the
  106. .IR posname
  107. operand.
  108. .IP "\fB\-c\fP" 10
  109. Suppress the diagnostic message that is written to standard error by
  110. default when the archive
  111. .IR archive
  112. is created.
  113. .IP "\fB\-C\fP" 10
  114. Prevent extracted files from replacing like-named files in the
  115. file system. This option is useful when
  116. .BR \-T
  117. is also used, to prevent truncated filenames from replacing files with
  118. the same prefix.
  119. .IP "\fB\-d\fP" 10
  120. Delete one or more
  121. .IR file s
  122. from
  123. .IR archive .
  124. .IP "\fB\-i\fP" 10
  125. Position new files in the archive before the file in the archive
  126. named by the
  127. .IR posname
  128. operand (equivalent to
  129. .BR \-b ).
  130. .IP "\fB\-m\fP" 10
  131. Move the named files in the archive. The
  132. .BR \-a ,
  133. .BR \-b ,
  134. or
  135. .BR \-i
  136. options with the
  137. .IR posname
  138. operand indicate the position; otherwise, move the names files in the
  139. archive to the end of the archive.
  140. .IP "\fB\-p\fP" 10
  141. Write the contents of the
  142. .IR file s
  143. in the archive named by
  144. .IR file
  145. operands from
  146. .IR archive
  147. to the standard output. If no
  148. .IR file
  149. operands are specified, the contents of all files in the archive shall
  150. be written in the order of the archive.
  151. .IP "\fB\-q\fP" 10
  152. Append the named files to the end of the archive. In this case
  153. .IR ar
  154. does not check whether the added files are already in the archive.
  155. This is useful to bypass the searching otherwise done when creating a
  156. large archive piece by piece.
  157. .IP "\fB\-r\fP" 10
  158. Replace or add
  159. .IR file s
  160. to
  161. .IR archive .
  162. If the archive named by
  163. .IR archive
  164. does not exist, a new archive shall be created and a diagnostic message
  165. shall be written to standard error (unless the
  166. .BR \-c
  167. option is specified). If no
  168. .IR file s
  169. are specified and the
  170. .IR archive
  171. exists, the results are undefined. Files that replace existing files in
  172. the archive shall not change the order of the archive. Files that do
  173. not replace existing files in the archive shall be appended to the
  174. archive
  175. unless a
  176. .BR \-a ,
  177. .BR \-b ,
  178. or
  179. .BR \-i
  180. option specifies another position.
  181. .IP "\fB\-s\fP" 10
  182. Force the regeneration of the archive symbol table even if
  183. .IR ar
  184. is not invoked with an option that modifies the archive contents. This
  185. option is useful to restore the archive symbol table after it has been
  186. stripped; see
  187. .IR strip .
  188. .IP "\fB\-t\fP" 10
  189. Write a table of contents of
  190. .IR archive
  191. to the standard output. Only the files specified by the
  192. .IR file
  193. operands shall be included in the written list. If no
  194. .IR file
  195. operands are specified, all files in
  196. .IR archive
  197. shall be included in the order of the archive.
  198. .IP "\fB\-T\fP" 10
  199. Allow filename truncation of extracted files whose archive names are
  200. longer than the file system can support. By default, extracting a file
  201. with a name that is too long shall be an error; a diagnostic message
  202. shall be written and the file shall not be extracted.
  203. .IP "\fB\-u\fP" 10
  204. Update older files in the archive. When used with the
  205. .BR \-r
  206. option, files in the archive shall be replaced only if the
  207. corresponding
  208. .IR file
  209. has a modification time that is at least as new as the modification
  210. time of the file in the archive.
  211. .IP "\fB\-v\fP" 10
  212. Give verbose output. When used with the option characters
  213. .BR \-d ,
  214. .BR \-r ,
  215. or
  216. .BR \-x ,
  217. write a detailed file-by-file description of the archive creation and
  218. maintenance activity, as described in the STDOUT section.
  219. .RS 10
  220. .P
  221. When used with
  222. .BR \-p ,
  223. write the name of the file in the archive to the standard output before
  224. writing the file in the archive itself to the standard output, as
  225. described in the STDOUT section.
  226. .P
  227. When used with
  228. .BR \-t ,
  229. include a long listing of information about the files in the archive,
  230. as described in the STDOUT section.
  231. .RE
  232. .IP "\fB\-x\fP" 10
  233. Extract the files in the archive named by the
  234. .IR file
  235. operands from
  236. .IR archive .
  237. The contents of the archive shall not be changed. If no
  238. .IR file
  239. operands are given, all files in the archive shall be extracted. The
  240. modification time of each file extracted shall be set to the time the
  241. file is extracted from the archive.
  242. .SH OPERANDS
  243. The following operands shall be supported:
  244. .IP "\fIarchive\fR" 10
  245. A pathname of the archive.
  246. .IP "\fIfile\fR" 10
  247. A pathname. Only the last component shall be used when comparing
  248. against the names of files in the archive. If two or more
  249. .IR file
  250. operands have the same last pathname component (basename), the results
  251. are unspecified. The implementation's archive format shall not truncate
  252. valid filenames of files added to or replaced in the archive.
  253. .IP "\fIposname\fR" 10
  254. The name of a file in the archive, used for relative positioning; see
  255. options
  256. .BR \-m
  257. and
  258. .BR \-r .
  259. .SH STDIN
  260. Not used.
  261. .SH "INPUT FILES"
  262. The archive named by
  263. .IR archive
  264. shall be a file in the format created by
  265. .IR ar
  266. .BR \-r .
  267. .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
  268. The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
  269. .IR ar :
  270. .IP "\fILANG\fP" 10
  271. Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are
  272. unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017,
  273. .IR "Section 8.2" ", " "Internationalization Variables"
  274. for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine
  275. the values of locale categories.)
  276. .IP "\fILC_ALL\fP" 10
  277. If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the
  278. other internationalization variables.
  279. .IP "\fILC_CTYPE\fP" 10
  280. Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of
  281. text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to
  282. multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
  283. .IP "\fILC_MESSAGES\fP" 10
  284. .br
  285. Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and
  286. contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
  287. .IP "\fILC_TIME\fP" 10
  288. Determine the format and content for date and time strings written by
  289. .IR ar
  290. .BR \-tv .
  291. .IP "\fINLSPATH\fP" 10
  292. Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of
  293. .IR LC_MESSAGES .
  294. .IP "\fITMPDIR\fP" 10
  295. Determine the pathname that overrides the default directory for
  296. temporary files, if any.
  297. .IP "\fITZ\fP" 10
  298. Determine the timezone used to calculate date and time strings written
  299. by
  300. .IR ar
  301. .BR \-tv .
  302. If
  303. .IR TZ
  304. is unset or null, an unspecified default timezone shall be used.
  305. .SH "ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS"
  306. Default.
  307. .SH STDOUT
  308. If the
  309. .BR \-d
  310. option is used with the
  311. .BR \-v
  312. option, the standard output format shall be:
  313. .sp
  314. .RS 4
  315. .nf
  316. "d - %s\en", <\fIfile\fR>
  317. .fi
  318. .P
  319. .RE
  320. .P
  321. where
  322. .IR file
  323. is the operand specified on the command line.
  324. .P
  325. If the
  326. .BR \-p
  327. option is used with the
  328. .BR \-v
  329. option,
  330. .IR ar
  331. shall precede the contents of each file with:
  332. .sp
  333. .RS 4
  334. .nf
  335. "\en<%s>\en\en", <\fIfile\fR>
  336. .fi
  337. .P
  338. .RE
  339. .P
  340. where
  341. .IR file
  342. is the operand specified on the command line, if
  343. .IR file
  344. operands were specified, and the name of the file in the archive if
  345. they were not.
  346. .P
  347. If the
  348. .BR \-r
  349. option is used with the
  350. .BR \-v
  351. option:
  352. .IP " *" 4
  353. If
  354. .IR file
  355. is already in the archive, the standard output format shall be:
  356. .RS 4
  357. .sp
  358. .RS 4
  359. .nf
  360. "r - %s\en", <\fIfile\fR>
  361. .fi
  362. .P
  363. .RE
  364. .P
  365. where <\fIfile\fP> is the operand specified on the command line.
  366. .RE
  367. .IP " *" 4
  368. If
  369. .IR file
  370. is not already in the archive, the standard output format shall be:
  371. .RS 4
  372. .sp
  373. .RS 4
  374. .nf
  375. "a - %s\en", <\fIfile\fR>
  376. .fi
  377. .P
  378. .RE
  379. .P
  380. where <\fIfile\fP> is the operand specified on the command line.
  381. .RE
  382. .P
  383. If the
  384. .BR \-t
  385. option is used,
  386. .IR ar
  387. shall write the names of the files in the archive to the standard
  388. output in the format:
  389. .sp
  390. .RS 4
  391. .nf
  392. "%s\en", <\fIfile\fR>
  393. .fi
  394. .P
  395. .RE
  396. .P
  397. where
  398. .IR file
  399. is the operand specified on the command line, if
  400. .IR file
  401. operands were specified, or the name of the file in the archive if they
  402. were not.
  403. .P
  404. If the
  405. .BR \-t
  406. option is used with the
  407. .BR \-v
  408. option, the standard output format shall be:
  409. .sp
  410. .RS 4
  411. .nf
  412. "%s %u/%u %u %s %d %d:%d %d %s\en", <\fImember mode\fR>, <\fIuser ID\fR>,
  413. <\fIgroup ID\fR>, <\fInumber of bytes in member\fR>,
  414. <\fIabbreviated month\fR>, <\fIday-of-month\fR>, <\fIhour\fR>,
  415. <\fIminute\fR>, <\fIyear\fR>, <\fIfile\fR>
  416. .fi
  417. .P
  418. .RE
  419. .P
  420. where:
  421. .IP "<\fIfile\fR>" 10
  422. Shall be the operand specified on the command line, if
  423. .IR file
  424. operands were specified, or the name of the file in the archive if they
  425. were not.
  426. .IP "<\fImember\ mode\fR>" 10
  427. .br
  428. Shall be formatted the same as the <\fIfile\ mode\fR> string defined in
  429. the STDOUT section of
  430. .IR ls ,
  431. except that the first character, the <\fIentry\ type\fR>, is not used;
  432. the string represents the file mode of the file in the archive at the
  433. time it was added to or replaced in the archive.
  434. .br
  435. .P
  436. The following represent the last-modification time of a file when it
  437. was most recently added to or replaced in the archive:
  438. .IP "<\fIabbreviated\ month\fR>" 10
  439. .br
  440. Equivalent to the format of the
  441. .BR %b
  442. conversion specification format in
  443. .IR date .
  444. .IP "<\fIday-of-month\fR>" 10
  445. .br
  446. Equivalent to the format of the
  447. .BR %e
  448. conversion specification format in
  449. .IR date .
  450. .IP "<\fIhour\fR>" 10
  451. Equivalent to the format of the
  452. .BR %H
  453. conversion specification format in
  454. .IR date .
  455. .IP "<\fIminute\fR>" 10
  456. Equivalent to the format of the
  457. .BR %M
  458. conversion specification format in
  459. .IR date .
  460. .IP "<\fIyear\fR>" 10
  461. Equivalent to the format of the
  462. .BR %Y
  463. conversion specification format in
  464. .IR date .
  465. .P
  466. When
  467. .IR LC_TIME
  468. does not specify the POSIX locale, a different format and order of
  469. presentation of these fields relative to each other may be used in a
  470. format appropriate in the specified locale.
  471. .P
  472. If the
  473. .BR \-x
  474. option is used with the
  475. .BR \-v
  476. option, the standard output format shall be:
  477. .sp
  478. .RS 4
  479. .nf
  480. "x - %s\en", <\fIfile\fR>
  481. .fi
  482. .P
  483. .RE
  484. .P
  485. where
  486. .IR file
  487. is the operand specified on the command line, if
  488. .IR file
  489. operands were specified, or the name of the file in the archive if they
  490. were not.
  491. .SH STDERR
  492. The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
  493. The diagnostic message about creating a new archive when
  494. .BR \-c
  495. is not specified shall not modify the exit status.
  496. .SH "OUTPUT FILES"
  497. Archives are files with unspecified formats.
  498. .SH "EXTENDED DESCRIPTION"
  499. None.
  500. .SH "EXIT STATUS"
  501. The following exit values shall be returned:
  502. .IP "\00" 6
  503. Successful completion.
  504. .IP >0 6
  505. An error occurred.
  506. .SH "CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS"
  507. Default.
  508. .LP
  509. .IR "The following sections are informative."
  510. .SH "APPLICATION USAGE"
  511. None.
  512. .SH EXAMPLES
  513. None.
  514. .SH RATIONALE
  515. The archive format is not described. It is recognized that there are
  516. several known
  517. .IR ar
  518. formats, which are not compatible. The
  519. .IR ar
  520. utility is included, however, to allow creation of archives that
  521. are intended for use only on one machine. The archive is
  522. specified as a file, and it can be moved as a file. This does allow an
  523. archive to be moved from one machine to another machine that uses the
  524. same implementation of
  525. .IR ar .
  526. .P
  527. Utilities such as
  528. .IR pax
  529. (and its forebears
  530. .IR tar
  531. and
  532. .IR cpio )
  533. also provide portable ``archives''. This is a not a duplication; the
  534. .IR ar
  535. utility is included to provide an interface primarily for
  536. .IR make
  537. and the compilers, based on a historical model.
  538. .P
  539. In historical implementations, the
  540. .BR \-q
  541. option (available on XSI-conforming systems) is known to execute
  542. quickly because
  543. .IR ar
  544. does not check on whether the added members are already in the
  545. archive. This is useful to bypass the searching otherwise done when
  546. creating a large archive piece-by-piece. These remarks may but need not
  547. remain true for a brand new implementation of this utility; hence,
  548. these remarks have been moved into the RATIONALE.
  549. .P
  550. BSD implementations historically required applications to provide the
  551. .BR \-s
  552. option whenever the archive was supposed to contain a symbol table.
  553. As in this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017, System V historically creates or updates an archive symbol
  554. table whenever an object file is removed from, added to, or updated
  555. in the archive.
  556. .P
  557. The OPERANDS section requires what might seem to be true without
  558. specifying it: the archive cannot truncate the filenames below
  559. {NAME_MAX}.
  560. Some historical implementations do so, however, causing unexpected
  561. results for the application. Therefore, this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017 makes the requirement
  562. explicit to avoid misunderstandings.
  563. .P
  564. According to the System V documentation, the options
  565. .BR \-dmpqrtx
  566. are not required to begin with a
  567. <hyphen-minus>
  568. (\c
  569. .BR '\-' ).
  570. This volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017 requires that a conforming application use the leading
  571. <hyphen-minus>.
  572. .P
  573. The archive format used by the 4.4 BSD implementation is documented in
  574. this RATIONALE as an example:
  575. .sp
  576. .RS
  577. A file created by
  578. .IR ar
  579. begins with the ``magic'' string
  580. .BR \(dq!<arch>\en\(dq .
  581. The rest of the archive is made up of objects, each of which is
  582. composed of a header for a file, a possible filename, and the file
  583. contents. The header is portable between machine architectures, and, if
  584. the file contents are printable, the archive is itself printable.
  585. .P
  586. The header is made up of six ASCII fields, followed by a two-character
  587. trailer. The fields are the object name (16 characters), the file last
  588. modification time (12 characters), the user and group IDs (each 6
  589. characters), the file mode (8 characters), and the file size (10
  590. characters). All numeric fields are in decimal, except for the file
  591. mode, which is in octal.
  592. .P
  593. The modification time is the file
  594. .IR st_mtime
  595. field. The user and group IDs are the file
  596. .IR st_uid
  597. and
  598. .IR st_gid
  599. fields. The file mode is the file
  600. .IR st_mode
  601. field. The file size is the file
  602. .IR st_size
  603. field. The two-byte trailer is the string
  604. .BR \(dq`<newline>\(dq .
  605. .P
  606. Only the name field has any provision for overflow. If any filename is
  607. more than 16 characters in length or contains an embedded space, the
  608. string
  609. .BR \(dq#1/\(dq
  610. followed by the ASCII length of the name is written in the name field.
  611. The file size (stored in the archive header) is incremented by the
  612. length of the name. The name is then written immediately following the
  613. archive header.
  614. .P
  615. Any unused characters in any of these fields are written as
  616. <space>
  617. characters. If any fields are their particular maximum number of
  618. characters in length, there is no separation between the fields.
  619. .P
  620. Objects in the archive are always an even number of bytes long; files
  621. that are an odd number of bytes long are padded with a
  622. <newline>,
  623. although the size in the header does not reflect this.
  624. .RE
  625. .P
  626. The
  627. .IR ar
  628. utility description requires that (when all its members are valid
  629. object files)
  630. .IR ar
  631. produce an object code library, which the linkage editor can use to
  632. extract object modules. If the linkage editor needs a symbol table to
  633. permit random access to the archive,
  634. .IR ar
  635. must provide it; however,
  636. .IR ar
  637. does not require a symbol table.
  638. .P
  639. The BSD
  640. .BR \-o
  641. option was omitted. It is a rare conforming application that uses
  642. .IR ar
  643. to extract object code from a library with concern for its modification
  644. time, since this can only be of importance to
  645. .IR make .
  646. Hence, since this functionality is not deemed important for
  647. applications portability, the modification time of the extracted files
  648. is set to the current time.
  649. .P
  650. There is at least one known implementation (for a small computer) that
  651. can accommodate only object files for that system, disallowing mixed
  652. object and other files. The ability to handle any type of file is not
  653. only historical practice for most implementations, but is also a
  654. reasonable expectation.
  655. .P
  656. Consideration was given to changing the output format of
  657. .IR ar
  658. .BR \-tv
  659. to the same format as the output of
  660. .IR ls
  661. .BR \-l .
  662. This would have made parsing the output of
  663. .IR ar
  664. the same as that of
  665. .IR ls .
  666. This was rejected in part because the current
  667. .IR ar
  668. format is commonly used and changes would break historical usage.
  669. Second,
  670. .IR ar
  671. gives the user ID and group ID in numeric format separated by a
  672. <slash>.
  673. Changing this to be the user name and group name would not be correct
  674. if the archive were moved to a machine that contained a different user
  675. database. Since
  676. .IR ar
  677. cannot know whether the archive was generated on the same machine,
  678. it cannot tell what to report.
  679. .P
  680. The text on the
  681. .BR \-ur
  682. option combination is historical practice\(emsince one filename can
  683. easily represent two different files (for example,
  684. .BR /a/foo
  685. and
  686. .BR /b/foo ),
  687. it is reasonable to replace the file in the archive even when the
  688. modification time in the archive is identical to that in the file
  689. system.
  690. .SH "FUTURE DIRECTIONS"
  691. None.
  692. .SH "SEE ALSO"
  693. .IR "\fIc99\fR\^",
  694. .IR "\fIdate\fR\^",
  695. .IR "\fIfort77\fR\^",
  696. .IR "\fIpax\fR\^",
  697. .IR "\fIstrip\fR\^"
  698. .P
  699. The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017,
  700. .IR "Chapter 8" ", " "Environment Variables",
  701. .IR "Section 12.2" ", " "Utility Syntax Guidelines",
  702. .IR "\fB<unistd.h>\fP",
  703. description of
  704. {POSIX_NO_TRUNC}
  705. .\"
  706. .SH COPYRIGHT
  707. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
  708. from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information Technology
  709. -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
  710. Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition,
  711. Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of
  712. Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.
  713. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
  714. The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
  715. is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
  716. http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
  717. .PP
  718. Any typographical or formatting errors that appear
  719. in this page are most likely
  720. to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to
  721. man page format. To report such errors, see
  722. https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .