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ar.1 (22411B)


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  133. .\" ========================================================================
  134. .\"
  135. .IX Title "AR 1"
  136. .TH AR 1 "2022-08-05" "binutils-2.39" "GNU Development Tools"
  137. .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
  138. .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
  139. .if n .ad l
  140. .nh
  141. .SH "NAME"
  142. ar \- create, modify, and extract from archives
  143. .SH "SYNOPSIS"
  144. .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
  145. ar [\fB\-X32_64\fR] [\fB\-\fR]\fIp\fR[\fImod\fR] [\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR] [\fB\-\-target\fR \fIbfdname\fR] [\fB\-\-output\fR \fIdirname\fR] [\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR \fIlibdeps\fR] [\fB\-\-thin\fR] [\fIrelpos\fR] [\fIcount\fR] \fIarchive\fR [\fImember\fR...]
  146. .SH "DESCRIPTION"
  147. .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
  148. The \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR program creates, modifies, and extracts from
  149. archives. An \fIarchive\fR is a single file holding a collection of
  150. other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve
  151. the original individual files (called \fImembers\fR of the archive).
  152. .PP
  153. The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and
  154. group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
  155. extraction.
  156. .PP
  157. \&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR can maintain archives whose members have names of any
  158. length; however, depending on how \fBar\fR is configured on your
  159. system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility
  160. with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the
  161. limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
  162. characters (typical of formats related to coff).
  163. .PP
  164. \&\fBar\fR is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
  165. are most often used as \fIlibraries\fR holding commonly needed
  166. subroutines. Since libraries often will depend on other libraries,
  167. \&\fBar\fR can also record the dependencies of a library when the
  168. \&\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR option is specified.
  169. .PP
  170. \&\fBar\fR creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable
  171. object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier \fBs\fR.
  172. Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever \fBar\fR
  173. makes a change to its contents (save for the \fBq\fR update operation).
  174. An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and
  175. allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
  176. their placement in the archive.
  177. .PP
  178. You may use \fBnm \-s\fR or \fBnm \-\-print\-armap\fR to list this index
  179. table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of \fBar\fR called
  180. \&\fBranlib\fR can be used to add just the table.
  181. .PP
  182. \&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR can optionally create a \fIthin\fR archive,
  183. which contains a symbol index and references to the original copies
  184. of the member files of the archive. This is useful for building
  185. libraries for use within a local build tree, where the relocatable
  186. objects are expected to remain available, and copying the contents of
  187. each object would only waste time and space.
  188. .PP
  189. An archive can either be \fIthin\fR or it can be normal. It cannot
  190. be both at the same time. Once an archive is created its format
  191. cannot be changed without first deleting it and then creating a new
  192. archive in its place.
  193. .PP
  194. Thin archives are also \fIflattened\fR, so that adding one thin
  195. archive to another thin archive does not nest it, as would happen with
  196. a normal archive. Instead the elements of the first archive are added
  197. individually to the second archive.
  198. .PP
  199. The paths to the elements of the archive are stored relative to the
  200. archive itself.
  201. .PP
  202. \&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR is designed to be compatible with two different
  203. facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options,
  204. like the different varieties of \fBar\fR on Unix systems; or, if you
  205. specify the single command-line option \fB\-M\fR, you can control it
  206. with a script supplied via standard input, like the \s-1MRI\s0 \*(L"librarian\*(R"
  207. program.
  208. .SH "OPTIONS"
  209. .IX Header "OPTIONS"
  210. \&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR allows you to mix the operation code \fIp\fR and modifier
  211. flags \fImod\fR in any order, within the first command-line argument.
  212. .PP
  213. If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
  214. dash.
  215. .PP
  216. The \fIp\fR keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be
  217. any of the following, but you must specify only one of them:
  218. .IP "\fBd\fR" 4
  219. .IX Item "d"
  220. \&\fIDelete\fR modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
  221. be deleted as \fImember\fR...; the archive is untouched if you
  222. specify no files to delete.
  223. .Sp
  224. If you specify the \fBv\fR modifier, \fBar\fR lists each module
  225. as it is deleted.
  226. .IP "\fBm\fR" 4
  227. .IX Item "m"
  228. Use this operation to \fImove\fR members in an archive.
  229. .Sp
  230. The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
  231. programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more
  232. than one member.
  233. .Sp
  234. If no modifiers are used with \f(CW\*(C`m\*(C'\fR, any members you name in the
  235. \&\fImember\fR arguments are moved to the \fIend\fR of the archive;
  236. you can use the \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, or \fBi\fR modifiers to move them to a
  237. specified place instead.
  238. .IP "\fBp\fR" 4
  239. .IX Item "p"
  240. \&\fIPrint\fR the specified members of the archive, to the standard
  241. output file. If the \fBv\fR modifier is specified, show the member
  242. name before copying its contents to standard output.
  243. .Sp
  244. If you specify no \fImember\fR arguments, all the files in the archive are
  245. printed.
  246. .IP "\fBq\fR" 4
  247. .IX Item "q"
  248. \&\fIQuick append\fR; Historically, add the files \fImember\fR... to the end of
  249. \&\fIarchive\fR, without checking for replacement.
  250. .Sp
  251. The modifiers \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, and \fBi\fR do \fInot\fR affect this
  252. operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
  253. .Sp
  254. The modifier \fBv\fR makes \fBar\fR list each file as it is appended.
  255. .Sp
  256. Since the point of this operation is speed, implementations of
  257. \&\fBar\fR have the option of not updating the archive's symbol
  258. table if one exists. Too many different systems however assume that
  259. symbol tables are always up-to-date, so \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR will
  260. rebuild the table even with a quick append.
  261. .Sp
  262. Note \- \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR treats the command \fBqs\fR as a
  263. synonym for \fBr\fR \- replacing already existing files in the
  264. archive and appending new ones at the end.
  265. .IP "\fBr\fR" 4
  266. .IX Item "r"
  267. Insert the files \fImember\fR... into \fIarchive\fR (with
  268. \&\fIreplacement\fR). This operation differs from \fBq\fR in that any
  269. previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being
  270. added.
  271. .Sp
  272. If one of the files named in \fImember\fR... does not exist, \fBar\fR
  273. displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members
  274. of the archive matching that name.
  275. .Sp
  276. By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may
  277. use one of the modifiers \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, or \fBi\fR to request
  278. placement relative to some existing member.
  279. .Sp
  280. The modifier \fBv\fR used with this operation elicits a line of
  281. output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters \fBa\fR or
  282. \&\fBr\fR to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member
  283. deleted) or replaced.
  284. .IP "\fBs\fR" 4
  285. .IX Item "s"
  286. Add an index to the archive, or update it if it already exists. Note
  287. this command is an exception to the rule that there can only be one
  288. command letter, as it is possible to use it as either a command or a
  289. modifier. In either case it does the same thing.
  290. .IP "\fBt\fR" 4
  291. .IX Item "t"
  292. Display a \fItable\fR listing the contents of \fIarchive\fR, or those
  293. of the files listed in \fImember\fR... that are present in the
  294. archive. Normally only the member name is shown, but if the modifier
  295. \&\fBO\fR is specified, then the corresponding offset of the member is also
  296. displayed. Finally, in order to see the modes (permissions), timestamp,
  297. owner, group, and size the \fBv\fR modifier should be included.
  298. .Sp
  299. If you do not specify a \fImember\fR, all files in the archive
  300. are listed.
  301. .Sp
  302. If there is more than one file with the same name (say, \fBfie\fR) in
  303. an archive (say \fBb.a\fR), \fBar t b.a fie\fR lists only the
  304. first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete
  305. listing\-\-\-in our example, \fBar t b.a\fR.
  306. .IP "\fBx\fR" 4
  307. .IX Item "x"
  308. \&\fIExtract\fR members (named \fImember\fR) from the archive. You can
  309. use the \fBv\fR modifier with this operation, to request that
  310. \&\fBar\fR list each name as it extracts it.
  311. .Sp
  312. If you do not specify a \fImember\fR, all files in the archive
  313. are extracted.
  314. .Sp
  315. Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive, and there are
  316. restrictions on extracting from archives created with \fBP\fR: The
  317. paths must not be absolute, may not contain \f(CW\*(C`..\*(C'\fR, and any
  318. subdirectories in the paths must exist. If it is desired to avoid
  319. these restrictions then used the \fB\-\-output\fR option to specify
  320. an output directory.
  321. .PP
  322. A number of modifiers (\fImod\fR) may immediately follow the \fIp\fR
  323. keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
  324. .IP "\fBa\fR" 4
  325. .IX Item "a"
  326. Add new files \fIafter\fR an existing member of the
  327. archive. If you use the modifier \fBa\fR, the name of an existing archive
  328. member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the
  329. \&\fIarchive\fR specification.
  330. .IP "\fBb\fR" 4
  331. .IX Item "b"
  332. Add new files \fIbefore\fR an existing member of the
  333. archive. If you use the modifier \fBb\fR, the name of an existing archive
  334. member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the
  335. \&\fIarchive\fR specification. (same as \fBi\fR).
  336. .IP "\fBc\fR" 4
  337. .IX Item "c"
  338. \&\fICreate\fR the archive. The specified \fIarchive\fR is always
  339. created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
  340. issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by
  341. using this modifier.
  342. .IP "\fBD\fR" 4
  343. .IX Item "D"
  344. Operate in \fIdeterministic\fR mode. When adding files and the archive
  345. index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent file modes
  346. for all files. When this option is used, if \fBar\fR is used with
  347. identical options and identical input files, multiple runs will create
  348. identical output files regardless of the input files' owners, groups,
  349. file modes, or modification times.
  350. .Sp
  351. If \fIbinutils\fR was configured with
  352. \&\fB\-\-enable\-deterministic\-archives\fR, then this mode is on by default.
  353. It can be disabled with the \fBU\fR modifier, below.
  354. .IP "\fBf\fR" 4
  355. .IX Item "f"
  356. Truncate names in the archive. \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR will normally permit file
  357. names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are
  358. not compatible with the native \fBar\fR program on some systems. If
  359. this is a concern, the \fBf\fR modifier may be used to truncate file
  360. names when putting them in the archive.
  361. .IP "\fBi\fR" 4
  362. .IX Item "i"
  363. Insert new files \fIbefore\fR an existing member of the
  364. archive. If you use the modifier \fBi\fR, the name of an existing archive
  365. member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the
  366. \&\fIarchive\fR specification. (same as \fBb\fR).
  367. .IP "\fBl\fR" 4
  368. .IX Item "l"
  369. Specify dependencies of this library. The dependencies must immediately
  370. follow this option character, must use the same syntax as the linker
  371. command line, and must be specified within a single argument. I.e., if
  372. multiple items are needed, they must be quoted to form a single command
  373. line argument. For example \fBL \*(L"\-L/usr/local/lib \-lmydep1 \-lmydep2\*(R"\fR
  374. .IP "\fBN\fR" 4
  375. .IX Item "N"
  376. Uses the \fIcount\fR parameter. This is used if there are multiple
  377. entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance
  378. \&\fIcount\fR of the given name from the archive.
  379. .IP "\fBo\fR" 4
  380. .IX Item "o"
  381. Preserve the \fIoriginal\fR dates of members when extracting them. If
  382. you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
  383. are stamped with the time of extraction.
  384. .IP "\fBO\fR" 4
  385. .IX Item "O"
  386. Display member offsets inside the archive. Use together with the \fBt\fR
  387. option.
  388. .IP "\fBP\fR" 4
  389. .IX Item "P"
  390. Use the full path name when matching or storing names in the archive.
  391. Archives created with full path names are not \s-1POSIX\s0 compliant, and
  392. thus may not work with tools other than up to date \s-1GNU\s0 tools.
  393. Modifying such archives with \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR without using
  394. \&\fBP\fR will remove the full path names unless the archive is a
  395. thin archive. Note that \fBP\fR may be useful when adding files to
  396. a thin archive since \fBr\fR without \fBP\fR ignores the path
  397. when choosing which element to replace. Thus
  398. .Sp
  399. .Vb 1
  400. \& ar rcST archive.a subdir/file1 subdir/file2 file1
  401. .Ve
  402. .Sp
  403. will result in the first \f(CW\*(C`subdir/file1\*(C'\fR being replaced with
  404. \&\f(CW\*(C`file1\*(C'\fR from the current directory. Adding \fBP\fR will
  405. prevent this replacement.
  406. .IP "\fBs\fR" 4
  407. .IX Item "s"
  408. Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,
  409. even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier
  410. flag either with any operation, or alone. Running \fBar s\fR on an
  411. archive is equivalent to running \fBranlib\fR on it.
  412. .IP "\fBS\fR" 4
  413. .IX Item "S"
  414. Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a
  415. large library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used
  416. with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the
  417. \&\fBS\fR modifier on the last execution of \fBar\fR, or you must run
  418. \&\fBranlib\fR on the archive.
  419. .IP "\fBT\fR" 4
  420. .IX Item "T"
  421. Deprecated alias for \fB\-\-thin\fR. \fBT\fR is not recommended because in
  422. many ar implementations \fBT\fR has a different meaning, as specified by
  423. X/Open System Interface.
  424. .IP "\fBu\fR" 4
  425. .IX Item "u"
  426. Normally, \fBar r\fR... inserts all files
  427. listed into the archive. If you would like to insert \fIonly\fR those
  428. of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same
  429. names, use this modifier. The \fBu\fR modifier is allowed only for the
  430. operation \fBr\fR (replace). In particular, the combination \fBqu\fR is
  431. not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed
  432. advantage from the operation \fBq\fR.
  433. .IP "\fBU\fR" 4
  434. .IX Item "U"
  435. Do \fInot\fR operate in \fIdeterministic\fR mode. This is the inverse
  436. of the \fBD\fR modifier, above: added files and the archive index will
  437. get their actual \s-1UID, GID,\s0 timestamp, and file mode values.
  438. .Sp
  439. This is the default unless \fIbinutils\fR was configured with
  440. \&\fB\-\-enable\-deterministic\-archives\fR.
  441. .IP "\fBv\fR" 4
  442. .IX Item "v"
  443. This modifier requests the \fIverbose\fR version of an operation. Many
  444. operations display additional information, such as filenames processed,
  445. when the modifier \fBv\fR is appended.
  446. .IP "\fBV\fR" 4
  447. .IX Item "V"
  448. This modifier shows the version number of \fBar\fR.
  449. .PP
  450. The \fBar\fR program also supports some command-line options which
  451. are neither modifiers nor actions, but which do change its behaviour
  452. in specific ways:
  453. .IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
  454. .IX Item "--help"
  455. Displays the list of command-line options supported by \fBar\fR
  456. and then exits.
  457. .IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
  458. .IX Item "--version"
  459. Displays the version information of \fBar\fR and then exits.
  460. .IP "\fB\-X32_64\fR" 4
  461. .IX Item "-X32_64"
  462. \&\fBar\fR ignores an initial option spelled \fB\-X32_64\fR, for
  463. compatibility with \s-1AIX.\s0 The behaviour produced by this option is the
  464. default for \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR. \fBar\fR does not support any
  465. of the other \fB\-X\fR options; in particular, it does not support
  466. \&\fB\-X32\fR which is the default for \s-1AIX\s0 \fBar\fR.
  467. .IP "\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR" 4
  468. .IX Item "--plugin name"
  469. The optional command-line switch \fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR causes
  470. \&\fBar\fR to load the plugin called \fIname\fR which adds support
  471. for more file formats, including object files with link-time
  472. optimization information.
  473. .Sp
  474. This option is only available if the toolchain has been built with
  475. plugin support enabled.
  476. .Sp
  477. If \fB\-\-plugin\fR is not provided, but plugin support has been
  478. enabled then \fBar\fR iterates over the files in
  479. \&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR in alphabetic order and the first
  480. plugin that claims the object in question is used.
  481. .Sp
  482. Please note that this plugin search directory is \fInot\fR the one
  483. used by \fBld\fR's \fB\-plugin\fR option. In order to make
  484. \&\fBar\fR use the linker plugin it must be copied into the
  485. \&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR directory. For \s-1GCC\s0 based compilations
  486. the linker plugin is called \fIliblto_plugin.so.0.0.0\fR. For Clang
  487. based compilations it is called \fILLVMgold.so\fR. The \s-1GCC\s0 plugin
  488. is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is
  489. sufficient to just copy the newest one.
  490. .IP "\fB\-\-target\fR \fItarget\fR" 4
  491. .IX Item "--target target"
  492. The optional command-line switch \fB\-\-target\fR \fIbfdname\fR
  493. specifies that the archive members are in an object code format
  494. different from your system's default format. See
  495. .IP "\fB\-\-output\fR \fIdirname\fR" 4
  496. .IX Item "--output dirname"
  497. The \fB\-\-output\fR option can be used to specify a path to a
  498. directory into which archive members should be extracted. If this
  499. option is not specified then the current directory will be used.
  500. .Sp
  501. Note \- although the presence of this option does imply a \fBx\fR
  502. extraction operation that option must still be included on the command
  503. line.
  504. .IP "\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR \fIlibdeps\fR" 4
  505. .IX Item "--record-libdeps libdeps"
  506. The \fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR option is identical to the \fBl\fR modifier,
  507. just handled in long form.
  508. .IP "\fB\-\-thin\fR" 4
  509. .IX Item "--thin"
  510. Make the specified \fIarchive\fR a \fIthin\fR archive. If it already
  511. exists and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present
  512. in the same directory as \fIarchive\fR.
  513. .IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
  514. .IX Item "@file"
  515. Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are
  516. inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR
  517. does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
  518. literally, and not removed.
  519. .Sp
  520. Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
  521. character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
  522. option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a
  523. backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included
  524. with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional
  525. @\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.
  526. .SH "SEE ALSO"
  527. .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
  528. \&\fBnm\fR\|(1), \fBranlib\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR.
  529. .SH "COPYRIGHT"
  530. .IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
  531. Copyright (c) 1991\-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
  532. .PP
  533. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  534. under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
  535. or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  536. with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
  537. Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
  538. section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".